Monday, 29 July 2013

list of sultan

List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

From muhmmad usama
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
FORMER MONARCHY
IMPERIAL
Osmanli-nisani.svg
Ottoman coat of arms
EmperorSuleiman.jpg
Süleyman The Magnificent (1520–1566)
قانونى سلیمان
The Conqueror Of Hungary
Kanunî Sultân Süleyman Khan
( The Lawgiver )
First monarchOsman Bey Ghazi
(1281–1326)
عثمان غازی
Sultân Osman Gazi
(The Esquire - The Warrior)
Last monarchMehmed VI Khan
محمد سادس
Mehmed Vahdettin
( The Unicity Of Faith )
StyleHis Imperial Majesty[a]
Official residencePalaces in Istanbul:
AppointerHereditary
Monarchy startedc. 1299
Monarchy ended1 November 1922
Ottoman Imperial Standard
Ottoman Empire in 1683, at the height of its territorial expansion
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, members of the Ottoman Dynasty, ruled over that vast transcontinental empire from 1299 to 1922. At its height, it spanned from Hungary in the north to Somalia in the south, and from Algeria in the west to Iran in the east. Administered at first from the city of Bursa in Anatolia, the empire's capital was moved toEdirne in 1366 and then to Constantinople (currently known as Istanbul) in 1453 following its capture from the Byzantine Empire.[1] The Ottoman Empire's early years have been the subject of varying narratives due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend; nevertheless, most modern scholars agree that the empire came into existence around 1299 and that its first ruler was Osman I Khan (leader) of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks.[2] The Ottoman Dynasty he founded was to endure for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of theCentral Powers with whom it had allied itself during World War I. The partitioning of the empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey.[3]

Ottoman State Organization[edit]

Main article: Ottoman State
The Ottoman State was an absolute monarchy during much of its existence. The sultan was at the apex of the hierarchical Ottoman system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles.[a] He was theoretically responsible only to God and God's law (the Islamic شریعت şeriat, known in Arabic as شريعةsharia), of which he was the chief executor. His heavenly mandate was reflected in Irano-Islamic titles such as "shadow of God on Earth" (Arabic: ظل الله في العالم‎ zill Allah fi'l-alem) and "caliph on the earth" (Persian: خلیفه روی زمین‎ khalife-i ru-yi zemin).[4] All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree calledfirman (فرمان). He was the supreme military commander and had the official title to all land.[5] Ertoghrul served as the elected leader of the Ottomans from 1230 until his death in 1281. In 1281, Ertoghrul's son, Osman, became elected leader of the Ottomans. From 1299 until his death in 1324, Osman served as Osman I "Sultan of the Ottoman Empire."
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles Caesar (قیصرkaysar) and Emperor.[4][6][7] Following the conquest of Egypt in 1517, Selim I also adopted the title of caliph, thus claiming to be the universal Muslim ruler.[b] Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation.[8] A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.[9]
Although theocratic and absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders.[5] From the 17th century onwards, the empire entered into a long-term period of stagnation, during which the sultans were much enfeebled. Many of them ended up being deposed by the powerful Janissary corps. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne,[10] women of the Imperial Harem—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the Valide Sultan—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as thesultanate of women.[11]
The declining powers of the sultans are evidenced by the difference in reign lengths between early sultans and later ones. Suleiman I, who ruled the empire when it was at its zenith in the 16th century, had a reign of 46 years, the longest in Ottoman history. Murad V, who ruled in the late 19th-century period of decline, had the shortest reign on record: he was in power for just 93 days before being deposed. Constitutionalism was onlyestablished during the reign of Murad V's successor, Abdülhamid II, who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its first constitutional monarch.[12] Since 2009, the head of the Ottoman Dynasty and pretender to the defunct Ottoman throne has beenBayezid Osman, a great-grandson of Abdülmecid I.[13]

List of sultans[edit]

The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The tughras were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans. They were displayed on all official documents as well as on coins, and were far more important in identifying a sultan than his portrait. The "Notes" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. When a sultan's reign did not end through a natural death, the reason is indicated in bold. For earlier rulers, there is usually a time gap between the moment a sultan's reign ended and the moment his successor was enthroned. This is because the Ottomans in that era practiced what historian Quataert has described as "survival of the fittest, not eldest, son": when a sultan died, his sons had to fight each other for the throne until a victor emerged. Because of the infighting and numerous fratricides that occurred, a sultan's death date therefore did not always coincide with the accession date of his successor.[14] In 1617, the law of succession changed from survival of the fittest to a system based on agnatic seniority (اکبریت ekberiyet), whereby the throne went to the oldest male of the family. This in turn explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother.[15] Agnatic seniority was retained until the abolition of the sultanate, despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it withprimogeniture.[16]
The official full style of the Ottoman Sultans was:
'Ala Hazrat-i-Aqdas-i-Hümayun (اعلی حضرت اقدس همایون, His Sacred and Imperial Majesty) Sultan (سلطان) N.N. Khan (خان),
Padishah (پادشاه), i.e. Emperor,
Hünkar-i Khanedan-i Âl-i Osman (شاه خاندان آل عثمان), i.e. Sovereign of the House of Osman,
Sultan us-Selatin (سلطان السلاطین), i.e. Sultan of Sultans,
Khakan (خاقان), i.e. Khan of Khans,
Amir ül-Mü'minin ve Khalifeh ül-Rasul Rabb al-A’alimin (امیر المؤمنین و خلیفه الرسول رب العالمین), i.e. Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe,
Khâdim ül-Haramayn ush-Sharifayn (خادم الحرمین الشریفین), i.e. Custodian of the Two Noble Sanctuaries (i.e. the Holy Cities ofMecca, and Medina),
Kaysar-i-Rûm (قیصر روم), i.e. Emperor of Rome
Padişah-i thalath şehireha-i Qostantiniyye, Edirne ve Hüdavendigâr, ül şehireyn-i Dimaşq ve Qahira, tamam Azerbayjan, Mağrib, Barqah, Kayravan, Haleb, ül-‘Iraq-i ‘Arab vel ‘Ajam, Basra, ül-dulan-i Lahsa, Rakka, Musul, Partiyye, Diyârbekir, Kilikiyye, ül vilâyatun-i Erzurum, Sivas, Adana, Karaman, Van, Barbariyye, Habeş, Tunus, Trablus-i Garb, Şam, Kıbrıs, Rodos, Girit, ül vilâyet-i Mora, ül Bahr-i Sefid vel Bahr-i Siyah ve i-swahil, Anadolu, Rumeli, Bagdâd, Kurdistân, Yunanistan, Türkistan, Tatariyye, Çerkesyye, ül mintaqateyn-i Kabarda, Gürjistan, ül-Deşt-i Qipçaq, tamam ül-mamlikat-i Tatar, Kefe ve tamam ül-etraf, Bosna, ül şehir ve hisar-i Belgrat, ül vilâyet-i Sırbistan bil tamam ül-hisareha ve şehireha, tamam Arnavut, tamam Eflak ve Boğdan, ve tamam ül-mustamlak vel-hududeha, ve muteaddit mamalekat ve şehireha, i.e. Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople,Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus and Cairo, of all Azerbaijan, of the Magreb, of Barka, of Kairouan, ofAleppo, of the Arabic and the Persian Iraq, of Basra, of Al-Hasa strip, of Ar Raqqah, of Mosul, of Diyarbakır, of Cilicia, of the provinces of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, ofCyprus, of Rhodes, of Crete, of the province of Morea, of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and also their coasts, ofAnatolia, Rumelia, Baghdad, Greece, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the steppe ofKypchaks, of the whole country of the Tatars, of Kefe and of all the neighboring regions, of Bosnia, of the City and Fort ofBelgrade, of the province of Serbia, with all the castles and cities, of all Albania, of all Eflak and Bogdania, as well as all thedependencies and borders, and many other countries and cities.
#SultanPortraitReigned fromReigned untilTughraNotes
—Emir Gazi
Ertuğrul Bey
ارطغرل غازی
Amîr Ghazi -
The Esquire
(b. 1191 – d. 1281)		12301281—
[c]
—Emir GaziOsman Bey
عثمان بن ارطغرل
Amîr Fakhr ud-din
Othman-Al Ghazi - The Esquire
(b. 1258 – d. 1324)		Portrait of Osman I by John Young12811299—
[c]
Rise of Ottoman Empire
(27 July 1299 – 20 July 1402)
1Osman I
GHAZI (The Warrior)
BEY (The Esquire)
KARA (lit. The Land or The Black for his bravery)		Portrait of Osman I by John Young12991326—
[c]
2Orhan
GHAZI (The Warrior)
BEY (The Esquire)		Portrait of Orhan13261362Tughra of Orhan
3Murad I
HÜDAVENDİGÂR -Khodāvandgār
(The God-like One)
ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd)

(Sultan since 1383)
Portrait of Murad I136215 June 1389Tughra of Murad I
4Bayezid I
YILDIRIM (The Thunderbolt)		Portrait of Bayezid I by Cristofano dell'Altissimo15 June 138920 July 1402Tughra of Bayezid I
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
5Mehmed I
ÇELEBİ (The Affable)
KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker for his support)		Portrait of Mehmed I5 July 141326 May 1421Tughra of Mehmed I
6Murad II
KOCA (The Great)		Portrait of Murad II by John Young25 June 14211444Tughra of Murad II
7Mehmed II
FATİH (The Conqueror)		Fatih II. Mehmet.jpg14441446Tughra of Mehmed II
—Murad II
KOCA (The Great)		Portrait of Murad II by John Young14463 February 1451Tughra of Murad II
  • Second reign;
  • Forced to return to the throne following a Janissaryinsurgence;[25]
  • Reigned until his death.[22]
Growth of the Ottoman Empire
(29 May 1453 – 11 November 1606)
—Mehmed II
FATİH (The Conqueror)		Gentile Bellini 003.jpg3 February 14513 May 1481Tughra of Mehmed II
8Bayezid II
VELÎ (The Saint)		Portrait of Bayezid II by John Young19 May 148125 April 1512Tughra of Bayezid II
9Selim I
YAVUZ (The Strong)
Hadim'ul Haramain'ish-Sharifain
(Servant of Mecca and Medina)
(Caliph Of Muslims Since 1517)		Portrait of Selim I25 April 151221 September 1520Tughra of Selim I
10Suleiman I
MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent)
or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)
Portrait of Suleiman the Magnificent by Nakkaş Osman30 September 15206 or 7 September 1566Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent
11Selim II
SARI (The Yellow-The Blond)		Portrait of Selim II by John Young29 September 156621 December 1574Tughra of Selim II
12Murad IIIPortrait of Murad III by John Young22 December 157416 January 1595Tughra of Murad III
13Mehmed III
ADLÎ (The Just)		Portrait of Mehmed III by John Young27 January 159520 or 21 December 1603Tughra of Mehmed III
Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire
(11 November 1606 – 26 January 1699)
14Ahmed I
BAKHTÎ (The Fortunate)		Portrait of Ahmed I by John Young21 December 160322 November 1617Tughra of Ahmed I
15Mustafa I
DELİ (The Intestable)		Portrait of Mustafa I by John Young22 November 161726 February 1618Tughra of Mustafa I
16Osman II
GENÇ (The Young)
ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd)		Portrait of Osman II by John Young26 February 161819 May 1622Tughra of Osman II
—Mustafa I
DELİ (The Intestable)		Portrait of Mustafa I by John Young20 May 162210 September 1623Tughra of Mustafa I
17Murad IV
SAHİB-Î KIRAN
The Conqueror of Baghdad
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Murad IV by John Young10 September 16238 or 9 February 1640Tughra of Murad IV
18Ibrahim
DELİ (The Deranged)
The Conqueror of Crete
ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd)		Portrait of Ibrahim by John Young9 February 16408 August 1648Tughra of Ibrahim
19Mehmed IV
AVCI (The Hunter)		Portrait of Mehmed IV by John Young8 August 16488 November 1687Tughra of Mehmed IV
20Suleiman II
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Suleiman II by John Young8 November 168722 June 1691Tughra of Suleiman II
21Ahmed II
KHAN GHAZI (The Warrior Prince)		Portrait of Ahmed II by John Young22 June 16916 February 1695Tughra of Ahmed II
22Mustafa II
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Mustafa II by John Young6 February 169522 August 1703Tughra of Mustafa II
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
(26 January 1699 – 9 January 1792)
23Ahmed III
Tulip Era Sultan
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Ahmed III by John Young22 August 17031 or 2 October 1730Tughra of Ahmed III
24Mahmud I
GHAZI (The Warrior)
KAMBUR (The Hunchback)		Portrait of Mahmud I by John Young2 October 173013 December 1754Tughra of Mahmud I
25Osman III
SOFU (The Devout)		Portrait of Osman III by John Young13 December 175429 or 30 October 1757Tughra of Osman III
26Mustafa III
YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative)		Portrait of Mustafa III by John Young30 October 175721 January 1774Tughra of Mustafa III
27Abdülhamid I
Abd ūl-Hāmīd (The Servant of God)
ISLAHATÇI (The Improver)
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Abdülhamid I by John Young21 January 17746 or 7 April 1789Tughra of Abdülhamid I
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire[e]
(9 January 1792 – 1 November 1922)
28Selim III
BESTEKÂR (The Composer)
NİZÂM-Î (Regulative - Orderly)
ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd)		Portrait of Selim III by Konstantin Kapidagli7 April 178929 May 1807Tughra of Selim III
29Mustafa IVPortrait of Mustafa IV by John Young29 May 180728 July 1808Tughra of Mustafa IV
30Mahmud II
İNKILÂPÇI (The Reformer)
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Mahmud II by John Young28 July 18081 July 1839Tughra of Mahmud II
31Abdülmecid I
TANZİMÂTÇI
(The Strong Reformist or
The Advocate of Reorganization)
GHAZI (The Warrior)		Portrait of Abdülmecid I1 July 183925 June 1861Tughra of Abdülmecid I
32Abdülaziz I
BAHTSIZ (The Unfortunate)
ŞEHÎD (Shāhīd)		Portrait of Abdülaziz25 June 186130 May 1876Tughra of Abdülaziz
33Murad VPortrait of Murad V30 May 187631 August 1876Tughra of Murad V
34Abdülhamid II
Ulû Sultân Abd ūl-Hāmīd Khan
(The Sublime Khan)
Portrait of Abdülhamid II31 August 187627 April 1909Tughra of Abdülhamid II
35Mehmed V
REŞÂD (Rashād)
(The True Path Follower)
Portrait of Mehmed V27 April 19093 July 1918Tughra of Mehmed V
36Mehmed VI
VAHDETTİN (Wāhīd ād-Dīn)
(The Unifier of Religion (Islam) or The Oneness ofIslam)
Portrait of Mehmed VI by Sebah & Joaillier4 July 19181 November 1922Tughra of Mehmed VI
Republican Caliphate
( 1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924 )
—Abdülmecid II
HALİFE 		Portrait of Abdülmecid II18 November 19223 March 1924—
[c]

Interregnum period (1402–1413)[edit]

#SultanPortraitReigned fromReigned untilTughraNotes
Ottoman Interregnum[d]
(20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
—İsa Çelebi
The Co-Sultan of Anatolia		14031405—
—Emir (Amir)
Süleyman Çelebi
The First Sultan of Rumelia		20 July 140217 February 1411[59]—
—Musa Çelebi
The Second Sultan of Rumelia		Portrait of Musa Çelebi18 February 14115 July 1413[61]—
—Mehmed Çelebi
The Sultan of Anatolia		Portrait of Mehmed Çelebi1403–1406
(Sultan of the Eastern Anatolian Territory)

1406–1413
(The Sultan ofAnatolia)		5 July 1413—

See also[edit]

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Notes[edit]

a1 2 : The full style of the Ottoman ruler was complex, as it was composed of several titles and evolved over the centuries. The title of sultan was used continuously by all rulers almost from the beginning. However, because it was widespread in the Muslim world, the Ottomans quickly adopted variations of it to dissociate themselves from other Muslim rulers of lesser status. Murad I, the third Ottoman monarch, styled himself sultan-i azam (سلطان اعظم, the most exalted sultan) and hüdavendigar (خداوندگار, emperor), titles used by the Anatolian Seljuqs and the Mongol Ilkhanids respectively. His son Bayezid I adopted the style Sultan of Rûm, Rûmbeing an old islamic name for Anatolia. The combining of the Islamic and Central Asian heritages of the Ottomans led to the adoption of the title that became the standard designation of the Ottoman ruler: Sultan [Name] Khan.[64] Ironically, although the title of sultan is most often associated in the Western world with the Ottomans, people within Turkey generally use the title of padishahfar more frequently when referring to rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.[65] The full style of the Ottoman sultan once the empire's frontiers had stabilized became:[66]
"Sovereign of The House of Osman, Sultan es Selatin (Sultan of Sultans), Khakhan (Khan of the Khans), Commander of the faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the lord of the Universe, Custodian of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medinaand Kouds (Jerusalem), Padishah of The Three Cities of Istanbul (Constantinople), Edirne (Adrianople) and Bursa, and of the Cities of Châm (Damascus) and Cairo (Egypt), of all Azerbaijan, of the Magreb, of Barkah, of Kairouan, of Alep, of the Arab and Persian Iraq, of Basra, of El Hasa strip, of Raka, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyâr-ı Bekr, of Cilicia, of the provinces of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, of Van, of Barbaria, of Habech (Abyssinia), of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Châm (Syria), of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Crete, of the province of Morea (Peloponnese), of Bahr-i Abyâz(Mediterranean Sea), of Bahr-i Siyah (Black Sea), of Anatolia, of Rumelia (the European part of the Empire), ofBagdad, of Kurdistan, of Greece, of Turkestan, of Tartary, of Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Gorjestan(Georgia), of the steppe of Kipchaks, of the whole country of the Tatars, of Kefa (Feodosiya) and of all theneighbouring regions, of Bosnia, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the province of Sirbistan (Serbia), with all the castles and cities, of all Arnaut, of all Eflak (Wallachia) and Bogdania (Moldavia), as well as all the dependencies and borders, and many others countries and cities"
b^ : The Ottoman Caliphate was one of the most important positions held by rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty. The caliphate symbolized their spiritual power, whereas the sultanate represented their temporal power. According to Ottoman historiography,Selim I acquired the title of caliph during his conquest of Egypt in 1517, after the last Abbasid in Cairo, Al-Mutawakkil III, relinquished the caliphate to him. However, the general consensus among modern scholars is that this transference of the caliphate was a fabricated myth invented in the 18th century when the idea of an Ottoman Caliphate became useful to bolster waning military power. In fact, Ottoman rulers had used the title of caliph before the conquest of Egypt, as early as Murad I. It is currently agreed that the caliphate "disappeared" for two-and-a-half centuries, before being revived with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed between the Ottoman Empire and Catherine II of Russia in 1774. The treaty was highly symbolic, since it marked the first international recognition of the Ottomans' claim to the caliphate. Although the treaty officialised the Ottoman Empire's loss of theCrimean Khanate, it acknowledged the Ottoman caliph's continuing religious authority over Muslims in Russia.[67] From the 18th century onwards, Ottoman sultans increasingly emphasized their status as caliphs in order to stir Pan-Islamist sentiments among the empire's Muslims in the face of encroaching European imperialism. When World War I broke out, the sultan/caliph issued a call for jihad in 1914 against the Ottoman Empire's Allied enemies, vainly inciting the subjects of the French, British and Russianempires to revolt. Abdülhamid II was by far the Ottoman sultan who made the most use of his caliphal position, and was recognized as caliph by many Muslim heads of state, even as far away as Sumatra.[68] He had his claim to the title inserted into the 1876 Constitution (Article 4).[69]
c1 2 : Tughras were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with Orhan in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of Osman I, the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered, although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul bin Gündüz Alp" has been identified.[70] Abdülmecid II, the last Ottoman caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as head of state (that position being held by Mustafa Kemal, President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal figurehead.
d^ : The Ottoman Interregnum, also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate (Turkish: Fetret Devri), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of Bayezid I by the Turco-Mongol warlordTamerlane at the Battle of Ankara, which was fought on 20 July 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, untilMehmed I emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.[71]
e^ : The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was a gradual process which started with the abolition of the sultanate and ended with that of the caliphate 16 months later. The sultanate was formally abolished on 1 November 1922. Sultan Mehmed VI fled to Malta on 17 November aboard the British warship Malaya.[55] This event marked the end of the Ottoman Dynasty, not of the Ottoman Statenor of the Ottoman Caliphate. On 18 November, the Grand National Assembly (TBMM) elected Mehmed VI's cousin Abdülmecid II, the then crown prince, as caliph.[72] The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the Treaty of Lausanne(24 July 1923), which recognized the new "Ankara government," and not the old Istanbul-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the TBMM on 29 October 1923, withMustafa Kemal as its first President.[73] Although Abdülmecid II was a figurehead lacking any political power, he remained in his position of caliph until the office of the caliphate was abolished by the TBMM on 3 March 1924.[69] Mehmed VI later tried unsuccessfully to reinstall himself as caliph in the Hejaz. THANK YOU FOR READING
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